Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Nicolsky, D.J. Originator: Suleimani, E.N. Originator: Koehler, R.D. Originator: Salisbury, J.B. Publication_Date: 2017 Title: Tsunami inundation maps for Juneau, Alaska Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report and digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: Report of Investigation Issue_Identification: RI 2017-9 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 66 p., 5 sheets Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29741 Description: Abstract: In this report, we evaluate potential tsunami hazards for the southeastern Alaska community of Juneau and numerically model the extent of inundation from tsunami waves generated by tectonic and submarine landslide sources. We calibrate our tsunami model by numerically simulating the 2011 Tohoku tsunami at Juneau and comparing our results to instrument records. Analysis of calculated and observed water level dynamics for the 2011 event in Juneau reveals that the model underestimates the observed wave heights in the city by a factor of two, likely due to complex tsunami-tide interactions. We compensate for this numerical underestimation by doubling the coseismic slip of the hypothetical tsunami sources in our models. Potential hypothetical maximum credible tsunami sources include variations of the extended 1964 rupture and megathrust earthquakes in the Prince William Sound and Alaska Peninsula regions. Local underwater landslide events in Lynn Canal, in Favorite, Saginaw, and Gastineau channels, and in Taku Inlet are also considered as possible tsunamigenic scenarios. The results show that the maximum predicted wave height in the Juneau area resulting from a tectonic tsunami is 2-3 m (6-10 ft), while a landslide-generated tsunami may cause a run-up of 15-16 m (49-52 ft) along the Fritz Cove shoreline and potentially flood portions of the airport. Results presented here are intended to provide guidance to local emergency management agencies in tsunami inundation assessment, evacuation planning, and public education to mitigate future tsunami hazards. Purpose: Results presented here are intended to provide guidance to local emergency management agencies in tsunami inundation assessment, evacuation planning, and public education to mitigate future tsunami hazards. Supplemental_Information: >composite-landslide: Maximum inundation extent and flow depth derived from compositing landslide model scenarios 8-13. For each grid point, the pixel value provides the modeled depth of water (in meters) >composite-landslide-tectonic: Maximum inundation extent and flow depth derived from compositing all landslide and tectonic scenarios (1-13). >max-tectonic-inundation: Maximum inundation extent, wave height above MHHW, and flow depth derived from scenario 4D, which is considered the worst-case geologically credible tectonic tsunami scenario. Scenario 4D is based on a Mw 9.2 Tohoku-type earthquake in the Alaska-Aleutian plate interface. It combines rupture of the 1964 and the YY segments. The extension "D" stands for "doubled" to indicate that this model includes coseismic slip adjustments used to account for underestimation of the tsunami height in numerical modeling of the 2011 Tohoku tsunami. >tectonic-inundation-scenario-1d: Inundation extent, wave height above MHHW, and flow depth derived from scenario 1D, a repeat of the 1964 Mw 9.2 Alaska Earthquake. The extension "D" stands for "doubled" to indicate that this model includes coseismic slip adjustments used to account for underestimation of the tsunami height in numerical modeling of the 2011 Tohoku tsunami. >tectonic-inundation-scenario-4: Inundation extent, wave height above MHHW, and flow depth derived from scenario 4. Scenario 4 is based on a Mw 9.2 Tohoku-type earthquake in the Alaska-Aleutian plate interface. It combines rupture of the 1964 and the YY segments. >time-series-points: To help emergency management personnel assess tsunami hazards, we supplement the inundation maps with the time series plots of the modeled water level and velocity dynamics at some on-land and some offshore locations in the communities. The plots are provided in the appendices of the report. These shapefiles provide the location of each time series point. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 2011 Ending_Date: 2017 Currentness_Reference: publication date Status: Progress: complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -135.010247 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -134.150000 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 58.690222 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 58.180000 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Theme_Keyword: Bathymetry Theme_Keyword: Coastal Theme_Keyword: Earthquake Theme_Keyword: Engineering Theme_Keyword: Environmental Theme_Keyword: Faults Theme_Keyword: Flood Theme_Keyword: Geologic Theme_Keyword: Geology Theme_Keyword: Geotechnical Theme_Keyword: Hazards Theme_Keyword: Inundation Theme_Keyword: Landslide Theme_Keyword: Marine Theme_Keyword: Modeling Theme_Keyword: Regional Theme_Keyword: Rockfall Theme_Keyword: Sediment Theme_Keyword: Sedimentation Theme_Keyword: Slides Theme_Keyword: Slope Theme_Keyword: Slump Theme_Keyword: Subduction Theme_Keyword: Subsidence Theme_Keyword: Surface Theme_Keyword: Tectonics Theme_Keyword: Topography Theme_Keyword: Tsunami Theme_Keyword: Uplift Theme_Keyword: Water Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Place_Keyword: Berners Bay Place_Keyword: Douglas Place_Keyword: Douglas Island Place_Keyword: Eagle River Place_Keyword: Favorite Channel Place_Keyword: Fritz Cove Place_Keyword: Juneau Place_Keyword: Mendenhall River Place_Keyword: Saginaw Channel Place_Keyword: Sheep Creek Place_Keyword: Southeast Alaska Place_Keyword: Taku Inlet Access_Constraints: This report, map, and/or dataset is available directly from the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (see contact information below). Use_Constraints: This dataset includes results of numerical modeling of earthquake-generated tsunami waves for a specific community. Modeling was completed using the best information and tsunami modeling software available at the time of analysis. They are numerical solutions and, while they are believed to be accurate, their ultimate accuracy during an actual tsunami will depend on the specifics of earth deformations, on-land construction, tide level, and other parameters at the time of the tsunami. Actual areas of inundation may differ from areas shown in this dataset. Landslide tsunami sources may not be included in the modeling due to unknown potential impact of such events on a given community; please refer to accompanying report for more information on tsunami sources used for this study. The limits of inundation shown should only be used as a general guideline for emergency planning and response action in the event of a major tsunamigenic earthquake. These results are not intended for any other use, including land-use regulation or actuarial purposes. Any hard copies or published datasets utilizing these datasets shall clearly indicate their source. If the user has modified the data in any way, the user is obligated to describe the types of modifications the user has made. The user specifically agrees not to misrepresent these datasets, nor to imply that changes made by the user were approved by the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. The State of Alaska makes no express or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Contact_Position: Metadata Manager Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 3354 College Road City: Fairbanks State_or_Province: AK Postal_Code: 99709-3707 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (907)451-5039 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (907)451-5050 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dggspubs@alaska.gov Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays Data_Set_Credit: This report was funded by Award NA15NWS4670027 by a National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program grant to Alaska Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Management and University of Alaska Fairbanks from the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. This does not constitute an endorsement by NOAA. Numerical calculations for this work were supported by High Performance Computing (HPC) resources at the Research Computing Systems unit at the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks. We are grateful to Kenneth Macpherson for his help with the RTK GPS survey in Juneau. Thoughtful reviews by Finn Lovholt (Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo) and James Beget (University of Alaska Fairbanks) improved the report. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Newell, J.T. Originator: Maurits, S.A. Originator: Suleimani, E.N. Originator: Koehler, R.D. Originator: Nicolsky, D.J. Publication_Date: 2015 Title: Tsunami inundation maps for Alaska communities Series_Information: Series_Name: Digital Data Series Issue_Identification: DDS 10 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29523 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Suleimani, E.N. Originator: Nicolsky, D.J. Originator: Koehler, R.D. Publication_Date: 2013 Title: Tsunami inundation maps of Sitka, Alaska Series_Information: Series_Name: Report of Investigation Issue_Identification: RI 2013-3 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 76 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:12,500 Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/26671 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Suleimani, E.N. Originator: Nicolsky, D.J. Originator: Koehler, R.D. Publication_Date: 2015 Title: Tsunami inundation maps of Elfin Cove, Gustavus, and Hoonah, Alaska Series_Information: Series_Name: Report of Investigation Issue_Identification: RI 2015-1 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 79 p., 3 sheets Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29404 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Suleimani, E.N. Originator: Nicolsky, D.J. Originator: Koehler, R.D. Publication_Date: 2016 Title: Tsunami inundation maps for Yakutat, Alaska Series_Information: Series_Name: Report of Investigation Issue_Identification: RI 2016-2 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 47 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:10,000 Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29577 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: The maps showing the results of our modeling have been completed using the best information available and are believed to be accurate, however, their preparation required many assumptions. We described several scenarios and provide an estimate of maximum credible tsunami inundation. Actual conditions during a tsunami event may vary from those considered, so the accuracy cannot be guaranteed. The limits of inundation shown should be used only as a guideline for emergency planning and response action. Actual areas inundated will depend on specifics of the earth deformations, on-land construction, and tide level, and they may differ from areas shown on the map. The information on this map is intended to provide a basis for state and local agencies to plan emergency evacuation and tsunami response actions in the event of a major tsunamigenic earthquake. These results are not intended for land-use regulation or building-code development. This DGGS Report of Investigations is a final report of scientific research. Several scientists familiar with the subject matter provided technical reviews. Uncertainties associated with the depiction or interpretation of various features are discussed in the manuscript. Logical_Consistency_Report: Model validation for this report included comparison of the modeled results to observations that were recorded during historic events. Completeness_Report: The results of our modeling have been completed using the best information available and are believed to be accurate; however, their preparation required many assumptions and actual conditions during a tsunami event may vary from those considered. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The hydrodynamic model used to calculate propagation and runup of tsunami waves is a nonlinear, flux-formulated, shallow-water model that has passed the validation and verification tests required for models used in the production of tsunami inundation maps. Further details about the limitations of the employed modeling approach are described in earlier reports by Suleimani and others and by Nicolsky and others, as well as in NTHMP (2012) guidelines. The accuracy of the later waves is limited by the accuracies of the bathymetry and coastline that are outside the extent of the high-resolution DEM but still impact the modeling. Finally, we mention that the horizontal resolution of the highest resolution grid that was used for inundation modeling is about 16 m (53 ft). This resolution is high enough to describe major relief features, but small topographic features, buildings, and other facilities cannot be resolved accurately by the existing model. In addition to the uncertainty related to the grid cell elevation/depth, uncertainties in the tsunami source (earthquake and landslide geometry) are the largest sources of error in tsunami modeling efforts. The direction of the incoming waves, their amplitudes, and times of arrival are primarily determined by displacements of the ocean surface in the source area. Therefore, the inundation modeling results for local landslide sources are especially sensitive to the slide volume, its initial position, and acceleration. The modeling process is highly sensitive to errors when the complexity of the source function is combined with its proximity to the coastal zone. Another important source of uncertainty related to the under-prediction of the tsunami observations near Juneau is attributed to the tsunami-tide interactions, but other physical mechanisms could also play a role. For additional information please reference the sources of errors and uncertainties section of the associated manuscript. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The vertical accuracy of the inundation modeling is dependent on the accuracy and resolution of the digital elevation models (DEMs) and tidal datum values that were used to compile the computational grid. We provide additional details about DEM and grid development in the accompanying report. Prior to scenario modeling, bathymetric data were shifted to use Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) as the vertical datum. The depths of inundation shown should be used only as a guideline for emergency planning and response action. Actual inundation water depth will depend on specifics of the earth deformations, on-land construction, and tide level, and they may differ from areas shown by this data. The information is intended to permit state and local agencies to plan emergency evacuation and tsunami response actions in the event of a major tsunamigenic earthquake. These results are not intended for land-use regulation or building-code development. For additional information please reference the sources of errors and uncertainties section of the associated manuscript. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Development of nested grids - To support inundation modeling of coastal areas in Alaska, we used a series of nested telescoping grids, or digital elevation models (DEMs), as input layers for tsunami inundation modeling and mapping. These grids of increasing resolution allowed us to propagate waves generated by various sources to Juneau. In order to propagate a wave from its source to various coastal locations, we used embedded grids, placing a large, coarse grid in deep water and coupling it with smaller, finer grids in shallow water areas. The bathymetric and topographic relief in each nested grid is based on digital elevation models (DEMs) developed at the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) of the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), in Boulder, Colorado. The extent of each grid used for our tsunami inundation mapping is listed in the accompanying report. To provide greater DEM accuracy near the shorelines, we augmented the topographic datasets with the recently developed USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED) that is based on Light Detection and Ranging (lidar) surveys collected in 2013 and a real-time kinematic (RTK) GPS survey in the harbor and airport areas. Survey measurements were converted to MHHW datum using methods described within the associated report. See Methodology and Data section of the accompanying report for more detail and additional grid development source information. Process_Date: 2011 Process_Step: Process_Description: Model validation - The numerical model that we used for simulation of tsunami wave propagation and runup was validated through a set of analytical benchmarks and tested against laboratory data. The model solves water equations using a finite-difference method on a staggered grid. See the accompanying report for more detail and additional model information. Process_Date: 2011 Process_Step: Process_Description: Model verification - To estimate tsunami propagation and runup in the Juneau area, we verify our model against the observed tsunami generated by the March 11, 2011, Mw 9.0 Tohoku earthquake in Japan. Process_Date: 2016 Process_Step: Process_Description: Numerical simulations of hypothetical tsunami scenarios - We assessed hazard related to tectonic tsunamis in Juneau by performing model simulations for each hypothetical source scenario. Numerical results for each scenario include extent of inundation, sea level and velocity time series calculations, tsunami flow depth over land, and the maximum water level above the MHHW tide level offshore and within the potential inundation area. We create raster files of model results. For each grid point, the pixel value provides the modeled depth of water (in meters). See the accompanying report for more detail and additional information. Process_Date: 2016 Process_Step: Process_Description: Calculation of the potential inundation lines - For each grid cell in the high-resolution DEMs Juneau, we determined whether the cell was inundated by waves or stayed dry throughout the entire simulation. Then, we defined a function such that it is equal to one at the center of each wet cell and is negative one at the center of each dry cell. Using a linear interpolation algorithm in Matlab, we plotted a zero-value contour that delineates dry and wet cells from each other. The resultant contour line (or a collection of lines if the contour is not a simply connected) was directly exported to the ArcGIS using WGS84 datum. Process_Date: 2017 Process_Step: Process_Description: Compilation of composite maximum inundation zone, flow depths over land, and water level above the MHHW tide level offshore and within the potential inundation area - We interpret the maximum, geologically credible, worst case scenario by combining the maximum calculated inundation of all scenarios. See the accompanying report for more detail and additional information. Process_Date: 2017 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: vector Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: .000001 Longitude_Resolution: .000001 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: decimal degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: World Geodetic System of 1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS 84 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257223563000025 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Depth_System_Definition: Depth_Datum_Name: Mean Higher High Water Depth_Resolution: 1 Depth_Distance_Units: meter Depth_Encoding_Method: Attribute values Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: ri2017-9-composite-landslide Entity_Type_Definition: Maximum inundation extent and flow depth derived from compositing landslide model scenarios 8-13. For each grid point, the pixel value provides the modeled depth of water (in meters) File format: GeoTIFF and shapefile Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Alaska Earthquake Center, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, this report Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: composite-landslide Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: ri2017-9-composite-landslide-tectonic Entity_Type_Definition: Maximum inundation extent and flow depth derived from compositing all landslide and tectonic scenarios (1-13). File format: GeoTIFF and shapefile Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Alaska Earthquake Center, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, this report Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: composite-landslide-tectonic Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: ri2017-9-max-tectonic-inundation Entity_Type_Definition: Maximum inundation extent, wave height above MHHW, and flow depth derived from scenario 4D, which is considered the worst-case geologically credible tectonic tsunami scenario. Scenario 4D is based on a Mw 9.2 Tohoku-type earthquake in the Alaska-Aleutian plate interface. It combines rupture of the 1964 and the YY segments. The extension "D" stands for "doubled" to indicate that this model includes coseismic slip adjustments used to account for underestimation of the tsunami height in numerical modeling of the 2011 Tohoku tsunami. File format: GeoTIFF and shapefile Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Alaska Earthquake Center, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, this report Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: max-tectonic-inundation Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: ri2017-9-tectonic-inundation-scenario-1d Entity_Type_Definition: Inundation extent, wave height above MHHW, and flow depth derived from scenario 1D, a repeat of the 1964 Mw 9.2 Alaska Earthquake. The extension "D" stands for "doubled" to indicate that this model includes coseismic slip adjustments used to account for underestimation of the tsunami height in numerical modeling of the 2011 Tohoku tsunami. File format: GeoTIFF and shapefile Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Alaska Earthquake Center, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, this report Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: tectonic-inundation-scenario-1d Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: ri2017-9-tectonic-inundation-scenario-4 Entity_Type_Definition: Inundation extent, wave height above MHHW, and flow depth derived from scenario 4. Scenario 4 is based on a Mw 9.2 Tohoku-type earthquake in the Alaska-Aleutian plate interface. It combines rupture of the 1964 and the YY segments. File format: GeoTIFF and shapefile Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Alaska Earthquake Center, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, this report Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: tectonic-inundation-scenario-4 Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: ri2017-9-time-series-points Entity_Type_Definition: To help emergency management personnel assess tsunami hazards, we supplement the inundation maps with the time series plots of the modeled water level and velocity dynamics at some on-land and some offshore locations in the communities. The plots are provided in the appendices of the report. These shapefiles provide the location of each time series point. File format: shapefile Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Alaska Earthquake Center, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, this report Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: time-series-points Attribute: Attribute_Label: ID Attribute_Definition: Numbers correspond to labeled points and graphs shown in the accompanying report. Attribute_Definition_Source: this report Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Figures A-2 through A-4 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Name Attribute_Definition: Values correspond to graphs shown in the accompanying report. Attribute_Definition_Source: this report Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Figures A-2 through A-4 Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Contact_Position: Metadata Manager Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 3354 College Road City: Fairbanks State_or_Province: AK Postal_Code: 99709-3707 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (907)451-5039 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (907)451-5050 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dggspubs@alaska.gov Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays Resource_Description: RI 2017-9 Distribution_Liability: The State of Alaska makes no expressed or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. 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